Ituaiga ma suʻesuʻega o faʻamaʻi o laʻau

1. Manatu o faama'i laau

O faʻamaʻi o laʻau o se faʻalavelave lea e matua aʻafia ai galuega masani o le physiological o se laau ma e faʻaalia ai faʻalavelave i le physiology ma foliga vaaia ona o le faʻaauau pea ona faʻalavelaveina e meaola faʻamaʻi poʻo tulaga leaga o le siosiomaga, o lona malosi e sili atu i le tikeri e mafai e le laau ona faʻafeiloaʻi. O lenei 'ese'ese mai le tulaga masani o le la'au o le tupu mai lea o fa'ama'i. O aʻafiaga o faʻamaʻi o laʻau i luga o galuega faʻaletino o laʻau o loʻo faʻaalia i vaega nei e fitu:

Fa'asa'o ma fa'afefe vai ma minerale: e mafai e fa'ama'i ona taofia le a'a o la'au mai le mitiia o vai ma minerale, e a'afia ai le felauaiga masani o vai ma mea'ai.

Fotosintesis: fa'ama'i e ono a'afia ai le fa'aogaina o la'au o la'au ma fa'aitiitia ai le gaosiga o mea fa'a-photosynthetic.

Fa'aliliuga ma felauaiga: fa'ama'i e mafai ona fa'alavelave i le fesiitaiga masani ma le felauaiga o mea'ai i totonu o le la'au.

Fuafuaga o le tuputupu ae ma le atinae: fa'ama'i e mafai ona fa'alavelaveina le tuputupu a'e masani ma le fua o le tuputupu a'e o la'au.

Fa'aputuina ma le teuina o oloa (fua): faʻamaʻi e mafai ona faʻaitiitia ai fua o le laau ma afaina ai le tamaoaiga.

Digestion, hydrolysis ma le toe fa'aaogaina o oloa (lelei): O fa'ama'i e mafai ona a'afia ai le lelei o fuala'au fa'ato'aga, ma fa'aitiitia ai le taua i le maketi.

Manava: fa'ama'i e mafai ona fa'ateleina ai le manava o la'au ma 'ai ai le tele o mea fa'aola.

2. Ituaiga o faama'i laau

E tele ituaiga o faʻamaʻi o laʻau e iai faʻafitauli etiologic eseese e mafua ai faʻamaʻi eseese. O faʻamaʻi o laʻau e mafai ona faʻavasegaina i faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaʻi e le faʻaleagaina e tusa ai ma le ituaiga o mafuaʻaga.

Fa'ama'i pipisi

O fa'ama'i fa'alavelave e mafua mai i meaola ninii fa'ama'i, lea e mafai ona fa'asalalauina e ala i feso'ota'iga o la'au i lea la'au, iniseti, ma isi vaila'au. O ia faʻamaʻi e aofia ai mea nei:

Fa'ama'i fa'ama'i: fa'ama'i e mafua mai le ga'o, e pei o le limu efuefu o tamato. O faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e masani ona faʻaalia i le necrosis, pala, ma le pala i luga o aano o laʻau.

Fa'ama'i fa'ama'i: fa'ama'i e afua mai siama, e pei ole fa'ama'i fula'au fuala'au ole meleni. O fa'ama'i fa'ama'i e masani ona fa'ailoa mai e vai, pala, ma le masaa o namu.

Fa'ama'i o le nematode: fa'ama'i e mafua mai nematodes, e pei ole fa'ama'i nematode a'a tamato. O faʻamaʻi Nematode e masani ona faʻaalia e pei o galls i luga o aʻa, faʻamaʻi laau, ma isi.

Fa'ama'i fa'ama'i: fa'ama'i e afua mai fa'ama'i, pei ole fa'ama'i virusi o le tamato samasama lau lau. O faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi e masani ona faʻaalia e pei o fuga o laulaʻau, dwarfing, etc.

Fa'ama'i fa'ama'i: fa'ama'i e mafua mai i la'au fa'ama'i, pei ole fa'ama'i o le dodder. O fa'ama'i fa'ama'i fa'ama'i e masani ona fa'ailoa mai e le la'au fa'ama'i o lo'o afifi ia lava i le la'au talimalo ma fa'asusu ai mea'ai.

Fa'ama'i e le fa'ama'i

O faʻamaʻi e le faʻaleagaina e mafua mai i tulaga leaga o le siosiomaga poʻo faʻafitauli i le laau lava ia. O ia faʻamaʻi e aofia ai mea nei:

Fa'ama'i fa'ale-tino po'o fa'ama'i fa'aletino: fa'ama'i e mafua mai i a'afiaga o le la'au po'o fa'aletonu mai le fanau mai.

Faʻamaʻi e mafua mai i le faʻaleagaina o mea faʻaletino: Faʻamaʻi e mafua mai i mea faʻaletino e pei o le maualuga pe maualalo le vevela o le ea, matagi, timu, uila, uatoʻa, ma isi.

Fa'ama'i e mafua mai i le fa'aleagaina o mea tau vaila'au: Fa'ama'i e mafua mai i le tele po'o le le lava o le tu'uina atu o elemene fetilaisa, fa'aleagaina o le ea ma le palapala i vaila'au o'ona, fa'aoga le talafeagai o vaila'au ma vaila'au.
Fa'amatalaga
Faʻamaʻi pipisi: faʻamaʻi e mafua mai i meaola ninii faʻamaʻi (e pei o sigi, siama, viruses, nematodes, parasitic plants, etc.), e faʻamaʻi.

Fa'ama'i e le fa'ama'i: Fa'ama'i e mafua mai i tulaga leaga o le si'osi'omaga po'o fa'afitauli a le la'au lava ia, e le o fa'ama'i.

3. Su'esu'ega o fa'ama'i o la'au

A maeʻa ona tupu faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi, o le mea muamua e fai o le faia lea o se faʻasalaga saʻo o le laʻau mamaʻi, ina ia mafai ai ona tuʻuina atu faiga faʻatonutonu talafeagai e faʻaitiitia ai le gau e mafua mai i faʻamaʻi laau.

Fa'asologa o su'esu'ega

Ole fa'agasologa ole su'esu'ega ole fa'ama'i la'au e masani ona aofia ai:

Fa'ailoa ma fa'amatalaga o fa'ama'i fa'ama'i la'au: Mata'ituina ma fa'amaumau fa'ailoga fa'ama'i o lo'o fa'aalia e le la'au.

Fesili i tala fa'asolopito o fa'ama'i ma toe iloilo fa'amaumauga talafeagai: ia a'oa'o e uiga i fa'ama'i tala'aga o le la'au ma fa'amatalaga talafeagai.

Fa'ata'ita'iga ma su'esu'ega (microscopy and dissection): Aoina mai fa'ata'ita'iga o la'au mama'i mo le su'esu'ega fa'ama'i ma le vaeluaga.

Faia ni su'ega fa'apitoa: Fa'atino ni su'ega fa'apitoa, e pei o su'esu'ega fa'a kemikolo po'o su'ega fa'aola, pe a mana'omia.

Fai ni fa'ai'uga e fa'aaoga ai le fa'a'ese'ese o lea la'asaga ma lea la'asaga: fuafua le mafua'aga o le fa'ama'i i lea laasaga ma lea laasaga e ala i le fa'aumatia.

Tulafono a Koch.

O le suʻesuʻeina o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi ma faʻamaonia o pathogens e tatau ona faʻamaonia e ala i le mulimulitaia o le Tulafono a Koch, lea o loʻo faʻamatalaina i lalo:

O le iai o se microorganism pathogenic e masani ona faʻatasi ma le laʻau mamaʻi.

O lenei microorganism e mafai ona tuʻuesea ma faʻamamāina i luga o faʻasalalauga tuʻufua poʻo faʻaoga faʻapitoa e maua ai se aganuu mama.

O le aganu'u mama e tui i luga o se laau ola maloloina o ituaiga e tasi ma o se faʻamaʻi e tutusa aʻafiaga e aliali mai.

E maua se aganu'u mama e ala i le fa'aesea atili mai le la'au fa'ama'i fa'ama'i ma uiga tutusa e pei o le tui.

Afai e fa'atinoina lea fa'agasologa o le fa'ailoaina ma maua ai fa'amaoniga mautu, e mafai ona fa'amaonia le microorganism o lona pathogen.

Fa'amatalaga

Tulafono a Koch: fa ta'iala mo le fa'ailoaina o fa'ama'i na fa'atū mai e le Siamani microbiologist Koch, fa'aaoga e fa'amaonia ai o se microorganism o le pathogen o se fa'ama'i fa'apitoa.

Fuafuaga tau fa'ama'i toto

O le puleaina o faʻamaʻi o laʻau o le suia lea o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o laʻau, pathogens ma le siosiomaga e ala i le faʻaogaina o tagata, faʻaitiitia le numera o pathogens, faʻavaivaia lo latou pathogenicity, tausia ma faʻaleleia le faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi o laau, faʻamalieina le siʻosiʻomaga, ina ia ausia le faʻamoemoe o le pulea fa'ama'i.

Fuafuaga pulea atoatoa

I le pulega tuʻufaʻatasia, e tatau ona tatou faʻaogaina faʻatoʻaga faʻavae e fai ma faʻavae, ma faʻatatau lelei ma faʻaogaina fua o le phytosanitary, faʻaaogaina o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi, faʻaogaina o meaola, pulea faaletino ma vailaʻau e tusa ai ma le taimi ma le nofoaga, ma togafitia le tele o faʻamaʻi i le taimi e tasi . O nei faiga e aofia ai:

Phytosanitary: puipuia le faʻasalalauina o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi i fatu, fatu, ma isi.
Fa'aogaina o fa'ama'i: filifilia ma fa'alauiloa ituaiga fa'ama'i.
Puleaina o meaola: faʻaogaina o fili faʻanatura poʻo meaola aoga e pulea ai faʻamaʻi.
Pulea fa'aletino: pulea le fa'ama'i e ala i metotia fa'aletino e pei o le fa'atonutonuina o le vevela ma le susū.
Fa'atonuga fa'ama'i: fa'aoga tatau o vailaau fa'asaina e pulea ai fa'ama'i.

E ala i le faʻaogaina atoatoa o nei faiga faʻatonutonu, o le faʻamaʻi e mafai ona pulea lelei, faʻaitiitia ai le leiloa o laʻau ona o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi.

Fa'amatalaga
Phytosanitary: Fuafuaga e puipuia ai le sosolo o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi i fatu, fatu, ma isi, faʻamoemoe e puipuia punaoa o laʻau ma le saogalemu o le gaosiga o faʻatoʻaga.